What is the accounting equation that forms the foundation of the balance sheet?

The accounting equation that serves as the foundation of the balance sheet is expressed as Assets = Liabilities + Equity. This equation illustrates the relationship between a company's resources (assets), its obligations (liabilities), and the shareholders' equity, which represents the net worth of the business.

In this equation, assets denote everything the company owns, such as cash, inventory, and property. Liabilities represent the company’s debts and obligations to external parties, including loans and accounts payable. Equity reflects the residual interest of the owners in the assets of the business after deducting liabilities, encompassing investments made by the owners and retained earnings.

This fundamental equation ensures that a company’s balance sheet remains balanced, with total assets always equaling the sum of liabilities and equity. It is essential for maintaining accurate financial records and for analyzing a company's financial health.

The other options presented do not accurately represent the foundational relationship outlined in the accounting equation, thereby failing to illustrate the balance that is central to understanding the financial position of a business.